Week 4 common errors and paragraphing

Common errors

-          Specially/especially

-          That/which

-          Use/usage

-          Were/where

-          Shall/will

-          May/might

-          Less/ fewer

-          If/whether 

Introduction

Patulin is produced by various molds, which primarily infect the moldy part of apples. Removing the moldy and damaged parts of the fruit may not eliminate all the patulin because some of it may

migrate into sound parts of the flesh. Also, patulin can be produced within the fruit, even though it may not be visibly moldy. If moldy apples are used to produce apple juice, the patulin goes into the juice. It is not destroyed by heat treatments such as the pasteurization process. Patulin is a natural human toxin and therefore can have genetic affects within cells, including a developing fetus, the immune system and the nervous system. The recommended advisory level is 50 μg of patulin/kg in apple juice [50 parts

per billion (ppb)].1 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), also 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural, is an organic compound derived from dehydration of sugars. HMF has been identified in a wide variety of heat-processed foods including milk, fruit juices, spirits, honey, etc.2

Topic sentence
Patulin is… of apples.	Subtopic 1 Removing the .. the flesh.	Example X1 a Also, patulin.. visibly moldy.
	Subtopic 2 Patulin is … human toxin	Example X2 a Therefore..nervous system.

 

week 3 assignment 2

1.       You first have to read all the questions thoroughly after that you can answer them one by one.

2.       Students have to eat healthy and sleep well if they want to feel fitter and less tired.

3.       The majority of students finish their degree but one in twenty students drop out of college.

4.       Feelings of depression can come on gradually for this reason we may not feel just how depressed we are.

5.       You start by making an outline of a text next you write the text itself.

6.       It may not always seem like parents can influence the way their children think about political issues. When in fact many children adopt their parents"view on societal issues.

Summary 1

Summary 1

In this article  “Analysis of the Mycotoxin Patulin in Apple Juice Using the Flexar FX-15 UHLPC-UV”, P. Prabhu (2011) wrote a report about verifying patulin in apple juice.

Patulin is produced by mildews, which infects the moldy part of apples. By removing the damaged parts of the fruit may not remove all the patulin. Patulin can also be produced inside the fruit, even though this is not visible. When those infected apples are used to make apple juice, the patulin also affect the juice.  Because patulin cannot be destroyed by heat treatments. Patulin can affect a developing embryo because it is a human toxin and can change genetic cells. Therefore it is important to analyze the concentration of patulin in apple juice.

For this experiment a Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (UHPLC) and a programmable wavelength UV/vis detector were used. The recovery of the method was tested with 3 different concentrations of the juice. From this was concluded that the technique is quantitative in its extraction.

This experiment presents a new method for the determination of patulin in apple juice. But HMF elutes very close to patulin, therefore it was essential to demonstrate the separation between those two chemicals, patulin and HMF. Ethyl acetate was used for the extraction and after that the samples were treated with sodium sulphate. This was very important because patulin can break down if ethyl acetate turn into condense. For the investigation the temperature was changed because with a lower temperature ethyl acetate does not evaporate. Another argument is that patulin is not stable at high temperatures.

In conclusion, the samples were collected at a local market and after that analyzed by the method described in the paper. The concentration of patulin was determined and in all the samples this level was less than 5 µg/L of juice. So this is below the recommended advisory level of the concentration patulin.

week 3 text analysis

Scientific TEXT ANALYSIS

WEEK 3

1.     SCAN the text quickly and identify its structure, making use of the HEADINGS you see in the text.

Introduction – experimental – method validation – results – discussion and conclusion

2.     READ the introduction. Write down the verbs you find in the introductory paragraph.

Is produced

Infect

Removing

Eliminate

Can be produce

Goes

Destroyed

Can have

Recommended

Is derived

Has been indentified

3.     Which tense and voice are these verbs? Give at least 5 examples. Why do you think this particular tense has been used in the introduction?

Has been indentified: present - active

Is destroyed: present - passive

Goes: present simple - active

Is derived: present perfect - active

Be produced: present – active

You always use the present in the introduction

CHECK YOUR TENSES

	SIMPLE	PERFECT
PRESENT	We write	We have written
	She works	She has worked
PAST	We wrote	We had written
	She worked	She had worked
FUTURE	We will write	We will have written
	She will work	She will have worked
	PROGRESSIVE	PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT	We are writing	We have been writing
	She is working	She has been working
PAST	We were writing	We had been writing
	She was working	She had been working
FUTURE	We will be writing	We will have been writing
	She will be working	She will have been writing

4.     Identify in the introduction the sentence which states the purpose of the paper.

Patulin is produced by various molds, which primarily infect the moldy part of apples.

5.     Examine now the METHODS section. Which verbs can you identify? Which tense are these verbs? Which voice (active or passive)? What is your explanation for the use of these particular tenses and voice in the METHODS section.

Was used: past passive

Was completed: past passive

Was evaporated: past passive

Was dissolved: past passive

Were spiked: past passive

You always use the past in passive form in the methods.

CHECK YOUR TENSES

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Present	Huet (2008) mentions the need to investigate	This view is supported by O Connor (2010) who writes….
	Browns et al. (1999) identify X and Y as the major cause of	The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated
	Smith (2009) argues that….
PAST	Jenes et al.(2001) measured the componenets of	Questionnaires were distributed among….
	Brown (1998) performed similar experimenst	The subjects were instructed to indicate….
	Smith and Jackson (2010) used a survey to assess…	The information was recorded…
	The objectives of the research were to determine	The survey was based on the findings of Ghoa(2005).
		A positive correlation was found between X and Y
FUTURE	The first section of this paper will assess….	In the results section X will be assessed ……..
	The review begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research…… It will go on to….